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In A Theory of Justice John Rawls constructs a comprehensive social contract theory of justice to stand as a substantive alternative to utilitarianism. This work combines and develops the ideas of earlier essays, such as "Justice as Fairness" (1958), "The Sense of Justice" (1963), "Constitutional Liberty" (1963) and "Civil Disobedience" (1966), into a systematic moral and political philosophy of astonishing power and subtlety. I shall sketch its main principles, their derivation and justification, and then raise some questions about the supposed opposition between the standards of justice and utility.

"In 1971 John Rawls's A Theory of Justice transformed twentieth-century political philosophy, and it ranks among the most influential works in the history of the subject. This volume marks the 50th anniversary of the book's publication by offering a multi-faceted exploration of this important work"--

"A Theory of Justice, by John Rawls, is widely regarded as the most important twentieth-century work of Anglo-American political philosophy. It transformed the field by offering a compelling alternative to the dominant utilitarian conception of social justice. The argument for this alternative is, however, complicated and often confusing. In this book Jon Mandle carefully reconstructs Rawls's argument, showing that the most common interpretations of it are often mistaken. For example, Rawls does not endorse welfare-state capitalism, and he is not a "luck egalitarian" as is widely believed.Mandle also explores the relationship between A Theory of Justice and the developments in Rawls's later work, Political Liberalism, as well as discussing some of the most influential criticisms in the secondary literature. His book will be an invaluable guide for anyone seeking to engage with this ground-breaking philosophical work"--Provided by publisher

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE FOR THE REVISED EDITION -- PREFACE -- Part One. Theory -- CHAPTER I. JUSTICE AS FAIRNESS -- 1. The Role of Justice -- 2. The Subject of Justice -- 3. The Main Idea of the Theory of Justice -- 4. The Original Position and Justification -- 5. Classical Utilitarianism -- 6. Some Related Contrasts -- 7. Intuitionism -- 8. The Priority Problem -- 9. Some Remarks about Moral Theory -- CHAPTER II. THE PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE -- 10. Institutions and Formal Justice -- 11. Two Principles of Justice -- 12. Interpretations of the Second Principle -- 13. Democratic Equality and the Difference Principle -- 14. Fair Equality of Opportunity and Pure Procedural Justice -- 15. Primary Social Goods as the Basis of Expectations -- 16. Relevant Social Positions -- 17. The Tendency to Equality -- 18. Principles for Individuals: The Principle of Fairness -- 19. Principles for Individuals: The Natural Duties -- CHAPTER III. THE ORIGINAL POSITION -- 20. The Nature of the Argument for Conceptions of Justice -- 21. The Presentation of Alternatives -- 22. The Circumstances of Justice -- 23. The Formal Constraints of the Concept of Right -- 24. The Veil of Ignorance -- 25. The Rationality of the Parties -- 26. The Reasoning Leading to the Two Principles of Justice -- 27. The Reasoning Leading to the Principle of Average Utility -- 28. Some Difficulties with the Average Principle -- 29. Some Main Grounds for the Two Principles of Justice -- 30. Classical Utilitarianism, Impartiality, and Benevolence -- Part Two. Institutions -- CHAPTER IV. EQUAL LIBERTY -- 31. The Four-Stage Sequence -- 32. The Concept of Liberty -- 33. Equal Liberty of Conscience -- 34. Toleration and the Common Interest -- 35. Toleration of the Intolerant -- 36. Political Justice and the Constitution -- 37. Limitations on the Principle of Participation -- 38. The Rule of Law -- 39. The Priority of Liberty Defined -- 40. The Kantian Interpretation of Justice as Fairness -- CHAPTER V. DISTRIBUTIVE SHARES -- 41. The Concept of Justice in Political Economy -- 42. Some Remarks about Economic Systems -- 43. Background Institutions for Distributive Justice -- 44. The Problem of Justice between Generations -- 45. Time Preference -- 46. Further Cases of Priority -- 47. The Precepts of Justice -- 48. Legitimate Expectations and Moral Desert -- 49. Comparison with Mixed Conceptions -- 50. The Principle of Perfection -- CHAPTER VI. DUTY AND OBLIGATION -- 51. The Arguments for the Principles of Natural Duty -- 52. The Arguments for the Principle of Fairness -- 53. The Duty to Comply with an Unjust Law -- 54. The Status of Majority Rule -- 55. The Definition of Civil Disobedience -- 56. The Definition of Conscientious Refusal -- 57. The Justification of Civil Disobedience -- 58. The Justification of Conscientious Refusal -- 59. The Role of Civil Disobedience -- Part Three. Ends -- CHAPTER VII. GOODNESS AS RATIONALITY -- 60. The Need for a Theory of the Good -- 61. The Definition of Good for Simpler Cases -- 62. A Note on Meaning -- 63. The Definition of Good for Plans of Life -- 64. Deliberative Rationality -- 65. The Aristotelian Principle -- 66. The Definition of Good Applied to Persons -- 67. Self-Respect, Excellences, and Shame -- 68. Several Contrasts between the Right and the Good -- CHAPTER VIII. THE SENSE OF JUSTICE -- 69. The Concept of a Well-Ordered Society -- 70. The Morality of Authority -- 71. The Morality of Association -- 72. The Morality of Principles -- 73. Features of the Moral Sentiments -- 74. The Connection between Moral and Natural Attitudes -- 75. The Principles of Moral Psychology -- 76. The Problem of Relative Stability -- 77. The Basis of Equality -- CHAPTER IX. THE GOOD OF JUSTICE -- 78. Autonomy and Objectivity -- 79. The Idea of Social Union -- 80. The Problem of Envy -- 81. Envy and Equality -- 82. The Grounds for the Priority of Liberty -- 83. Happiness and Dominant Ends -- 84. Hedonism as a Method of Choice -- 85. The Unity of the Self -- 86. The Good of the Sense of Justice -- 87. Concluding Remarks on Justification -- Conversion Table -- Index